Remedios Varo: Spanish Painter of Magic

Origins

María de los Remedios Alicia Rodriga Varo y Uranga was born in the town of Anglès in Girona, Spain, in 1908. She was the daughter of an engineer who taught her how to draw from an early age. This influenced her later works as she focused a lot on drawing. Moreover, she read books by Alexandre Dumas, Jules Verne, and Edgar Allan Poe, which must have certainly sparked her imagination. As many artists begin, her first works were sketches of family members and self-portraits when she was only 15 years old. They are signed and dated and they show that she saw herself as an artist already back then.

Although her mother was a very religious Catholic woman, Varo always rebelled against her Catholic education. Instead, she was interested in magic, occultism, alchemy, mythologies, and science. Later, she attended the School of Arts and Crafts and then the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in San Fernando in Madrid, Spain.

Remedios Varo’s European Era

Although Varo’s career had a bigger impact in Mexico, the beginning of her career in Europe sheds light on her Surrealist style. First, she went to Paris in 1931 before returning to Barcelona. She also lived in Madrid where she visited Museo del Prado and saw Hieronymus Bosch’s The Garden of Earthly Delights. She also met Federico García Lorca, Salvador Dalí, and Luis Buñuel there, among other Surrealist artists. In 1930, she married an artist Gerardo Lizarraga, whom she later divorced.

Varo experimented with a variety of techniques and encouraged her friends to create works of art during games she organized. For example, she played cadavres exquis (exquisite corpses). Although the name of the game sounds quite morbid, it consisted of taking random pieces chosen by each player and putting them together to form a work of art. It was a fun way to put into practice André Breton’s ideas and make collaborative pieces with him.

Fleeing the Authoritarian Regime

During the Spanish Civil War and Franco’s authoritarian regime, Varo returned to France, this time with her partner Benjamin Péret, another Surrealist painter. They lived in Paris and Marseille. Her relationship with Péret opened the doors to the Surrealist group in Paris. Women were usually rejected and seen as femmes enfants (female children) and thus could not easily access these hermetic groups. Nevertheless, she overcame the prejudices and managed to become an actual group member. Varo participated in their publications and exhibitions like the Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme en la Galerie des Beaux-Arts. In Paris, Varo visited the Louvre Museum regularly and also engaged in esoterism.

Another example of her experiments with techniques is The Soul of the Mountains made with the fumage technique. Essentially, she used the smoke from a candle to form figures. Once again, she played with the idea of randomness.

Her years in France ended when the Nazis invaded. She and Péret were arrested, and after her release, she fled to Mexico in 1941.

Remedios Varo in Mexico

Varo was one of the thousands of Spanish refugees that arrived in Mexico in the 1940s. And it was there that she produced her most famous works. She continued developing her style and focusing on Surrealist themes of dreams, magic, esoterism, the subconscious, mysticism, and more. These were not only reflected in her works, but in her daily life, too. For instance, she always had stones and crystals in her studio.

She started exhibiting in 1955 in the Diana Gallery in Mexico City, and a year later, she got her first solo exhibition.

Varo’s Friendship with Leonora Carrington

During her exile in Mexico, it is essential to talk about her friendship with English painter Leonora Carrington (1917-2011). They met in Paris but it was during the exile that they became true best friends. Indeed, both artists had similar interests that led them to join the Surrealists. Also, there are similarities in the art they created, while preserving their own styles and identity. Moreover, Carrington based one of the characters in The Hearing Trumpet on Varo. Not only did they share their art, but they also cooked, and spent time together outside the studio.

Another female friend of Varo was the photographer Kati Horna, a Hungarian-born photographer who took pictures of both painters. The photo below illustrates the close collaboration between these three artists.

Legacy of Remedios Varo

Unfortunately, Varo died prematurely in 1963, at the age of 55 in Mexico City. Her sudden death caused by a heart attack was a shock to Carrington and other friends. Thankfully, we still have her wonderful creations that, more than canvas, are a window into her own fantastical world.